{"id":28694,"date":"2021-07-06T10:55:36","date_gmt":"2021-07-06T08:55:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reflect-ba.de\/sta-je-nama-serijat-ii\/"},"modified":"2021-07-06T10:56:17","modified_gmt":"2021-07-06T08:56:17","slug":"sta-je-nama-serijat-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reflect-ba.de\/de\/sta-je-nama-serijat-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160ta je nama \u0160erijat? II"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Bo\u017eiji ili ljudski zakon?<\/p>\n

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Zanimljivo je napomenuti, kako precizno primje\u0107uje Fazlur Rahman, da se kod prve generacije muslimana izraz \u0161erijat skoro nikako ne pominje. Oni su, tvrdi ovaj autor, vi\u0161e nastojali da \u017eive vjeru (din) islam, a manje, ili gotovo nikako, da to svoje razumijevanje i \u017eivljenje vjere nazivaju \u0161erijatom. Sli\u010dno bi se moglo kazati i za termine halal (dopu\u0161teno) i haram (zabranjeno), kako primje\u0107uje Ebu Jusuf, kritikuju\u0107i Evza’iju<\/nobr> koji ishitreno upotrebljava izraze halal i haram. To se mo\u017ee pro\u010ditati u djelu ovog poznatog u\u010denika Ebu Hanife, Er-Reddu<\/nobr> ala sijeril-Evza’i<\/nobr>. Za\u0161to muslimani i danas olahko koriste termine \u0161erijat, halal i haram, o tome bi se dalo podosta napisati. Ali, da se vratimo izrazu \u0161erijat i da vidimo kakvo je njegovo etimolo\u0161ko i terminolo\u0161ko zna\u010denje.<\/p>\n

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Etimolo\u0161ko zna\u010denje pojma \u0161erijat<\/p>\n

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Wenn ich handle wenn ich dichte<\/em>
Gib du meinem Weg die Richte<\/em>
(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, West-\u00f6stlicher Divan)<\/p>\n

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Ranije smo konstatirali da \u0161erijat ozna\u010dava pravu stazu ili otvoreni put koji vodi do izvora ili izvori\u0161ta <\/strong>i uto\u010di\u0161ta svega, tj. Uzvi\u0161enog Boga i Njegove blizine. Putova prema Bogu ima mnogo<\/em>, kako ispravno konstatira Rusmir Mahmut\u0107ehaji\u0107. Oni su razli\u010diti, ali se stje\u010du u Bo\u017eijoj Jednosti koja nadilazi i obuhva\u0107a svako mno\u0161tvo.<\/em> U gore citiranom stihu iz Zapadno-isto\u010dnog Divana \u010duveni Johann Wolfgang von Goethe moli Boga (sli\u010dno kao \u0161to to rade muslimani) rije\u010dima: Kada ne\u0161to radim i djelujem, kada pjesme skladam, moj Bo\u017ee, neka moj (\u017eivotni) put ima ravan smjer. Ovaj izraz, die Richte<\/strong>, iako sada ve\u0107 pomalo arhai\u010dan i van upotrebe u njema\u010dkom jeziku, ozna\u010dava ravan smjer ili pravac. U rje\u010dnicima se mo\u017ee na\u0107i da au\u00dfer der Richte sein,<\/em> zna\u010di ne biti u pravom smjeru.<\/p>\n

Katharina Mommsen tvrdi da je Goethe ovim izrazom ta\u010dno pogodio ono \u0161to u Kur\u2019anu podrazumijeva rije\u010d \u0161erijat. Naro\u010dito je ovaj pojam, tvrdi autorica, u toku historije do\u017eivio su\u017eavanje zna\u010denja. Institucionalizacijom nove religije do koje je do\u0161lo u toku dva stolje\u0107a nakon Poslanikove smrti u takozvani sunitski islam, dolazi i do odlu\u010duju\u0107e promjene zna\u010denja: Lutnja ili skretanje u zabludu sve je vi\u0161e shva\u0107ano kao odstupanje od kanonskog zakona (\u0161erijata) u okviru \u010detiri sunitske pravne \u0161kole, koji vjerniku propisuje \u0161ta mora, a \u0161ta ne smije \u010diniti, koji dakle regulira i najsitnije detalje vjernikovog \u017eivota. Politi\u010dki motivirani islamisti koji na scenu stupaju po\u010detkom moderne doveli su ovaj pojam dotle da se pod njim danas uglavnom podrazumijevaju kazneni zakoni koji sadr\u017ee barbarske tjelesne kazne poput bi\u010devanja, amputacije dijelova tijela, kamenovanja i razapinjanja. Ali, zaklju\u010duje K. Mommsen, prvobitno zna\u010denje pojma \u0161erijat je put do vode, a onda u Kur\u2019anu u vjerski prenesenom zna\u010denju, put na koji upu\u0107uje Bog, dakle Richte<\/em> (ispravni, pravilni put).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Terminolo\u0161ko zna\u010denje pojma \u0161erijat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jednu od najljep\u0161ih definicija \u0161erijata ponudio je Ibnul-Kajjim<\/nobr> (1292-1350):<\/nobr> \u0160erijat je, u svojoj cjelokupnosti, pravda, milost, mudrost i dobrobit. Svaki propis ili postupak koji pravdu izokrene u krivdu, ne spada u \u0161erijat, makar u njega dospio putem tuma\u010denja <\/em><\/strong>(onih koji tuma\u010de Bo\u017eiju Rije\u010d). Prema islamskom nauku, \u0161erijatom bi, u generalnom smislu, trebalo smatrati sve univerzalne\u00a0 Bo\u017eanske poruke u onome \u0161to je Bog objavio ljudima preko svojih poslanika i vjerovjesnika, od Adema do Muhammeda, neka je na sve njih Allahova milost. Dakle, Bo\u017eije objave Musau, Isau, Muhammedu, a.s., svejedno, spadaju u \u0161erijat, jer iste ozna\u010davaju put ili pravac koji vodi do Boga.<\/p>\n

Me\u0111utim, da li je sve \u0161to objavljene ili svete knjige sadr\u017ee ujedno i sveti \u0161erijat ili Bo\u017eiji zakon? Ili je \u0161erijat, kako stoji u gore navedenom citatu Ibnul-Kajjima, pravda, dobrobit, milost i mudrost? Na primjer, kada mi kao muslimani iz kr\u0161\u0107anskog nauka (Isaovog a.s.) pro\u010ditamo da treba ljubiti bli\u017enjega svoga kao samoga sebe<\/em>, sasvim sigurno nam naumpadne izreka Muhammeda, a.s: Iskreni vjernik je onaj koji \u017eeli svome bratu <\/em>(drugom \u010dovjeku) ono \u0161to \u017eeli samom sebi<\/em>. Ili kada pro\u010ditamo u Deset Bo\u017ejih zapovjedi koje je Musa, a.s., primio od Boga na Sinaju (1200.pr.Kr.), na primjer: ne ubij, ne ukradi, ne \u010dini preljub, ne po\u017eeli tu\u0111i imetak i sl., sasvim je jasno da se radi o Mojsijevom zakonu Bo\u017eanskog porijekla ili \u0161erijatu koji ima upori\u0161te i potvrdu u svim vjerskim tradicijama i Bo\u017eijim knjigama, zaklju\u010dno sa Kur’anom. Me\u0111utim, nije i ne mo\u017ee biti sve \u0161to je doslovno objavljeno u svetim knjigama Bo\u017eiji zakon ili \u0161erijat. \u0160erijatom bi, kako s pravom tvrde neki muslimanski u\u010denjaci (poput Assada, Fasija i dr.) trebalo smatrati samo onih nekoliko univerzalnih, nepromjenjivih odredbi Kur’ana i sunneta. Dakle, u \u0161erijat spadaju: sloboda, pravda, mudrost, milost, dobrobit, solidarnost, jednakost, \u010destitost i tako dalje.<\/p>\n

Odredbe Kur’ana i sunneta koje nemaju univerzalni karakter i nisu po svojoj prirodi nepromjenjive, ne spadaju u \u0161erijat, bez obzira \u0161to mnogi muslimani misle druk\u010dije. Iz ovoga, naravno, izuzimamo osnovne islamske du\u017enosti (ibadat-obrede:namaz, post, zekat, had\u017e) i o njima ne raspravljamo. Iz tog razloga je \u0160ah Walijjullah ad-Dihlevi (umro 1762.) ustvrdio da kur’anske odredbe iz nasljednog prava u kojima stoji, na primjer, da mu\u0161karcu pripada dvostruko vi\u0161e u odnosu na \u017eensku osobu (sinu u odnosu na k\u0107erku itd.) imaju temporalni karakter, \u0161to zna\u010di\u00a0 da nisu univerzalnog i trajnog karaktera i da ne spadaju u \u0161erijat. Isto bi se moglo kazati i za odredbu prema kojoj svjedo\u010denje mu\u0161karca vrijedi dvostruko vi\u0161e u odnosu na svjedo\u010denje \u017eene (kur’anska odredba), \u00a0hadisku odredbu (preporuku, sunnet) prema kojoj se kolju dva (akika) kurbana kad se rodi mu\u0161ko dijete, odnosno jedan kurban kad se rodi \u017eensko dijete i tome sli\u010dno.<\/p>\n

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Umjesto zaklju\u010dka<\/strong><\/p>\n

S obzirom na zna\u010daj ovog termina i njegovu aktuelnost, mi\u0161ljenja sam da isti treba definirati i precizirati njegovo zna\u010denje. U suprotnom, zloupotreba ovog (ali i nekih drugih) islamskih termina od strane nekih muslimana i njihovih dr\u017eavnih, politi\u010dkih i vjerskih institucija, mo\u017ee prouzrokovati veliku \u0161tetu islamu i muslimanima u dana\u0161njem vremenu. U ovog kratkom osvrtu smo poku\u0161ali dati neke natuknice onima koji imaju kapaciteta da se pozabave ovom problematikom.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner column_structure=“1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=“on“ gutter_width=“1″ make_equal=“on“ module_class=“tablet-two-cols phone-2cols-1-2″ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ custom_margin=“50px||||false|false“ custom_margin_tablet=“30px||40px||false|false“ custom_margin_phone=“20px||0px||false|false“ custom_margin_last_edited=“on|phone“ custom_padding=“0px||0px||true|false“ box_shadow_style=“preset2″ box_shadow_horizontal=“45px“ box_shadow_vertical=“17px“ box_shadow_blur=“56px“ box_shadow_spread=“1px“ box_shadow_color=“rgba(0,0,0,0.08)“ global_module=“28554″][et_pb_column_inner type=“1_2″ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ background_image=“https:\/\/reflect-ba.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/reflect-bg-10.png“ background_size=“initial“ background_position=“center_left“][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/reflect-ba.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/reflect-osman-kozlic-by.jpg“ alt=“Autor Osman Kozli\u0107“ title_text=“reflect: Osman Kozli\u0107“ url=“@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9hdXRob3JfdXJsIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnt9fQ==@“ align=“right“ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _dynamic_attributes=“url“ _module_preset=“default“ width=“80%“ width_tablet=“100%“ width_phone=““ width_last_edited=“on|tablet“ module_alignment=“right“][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=“1_2″ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ custom_padding=“150px|60px|150px|60px|true|true“ custom_padding_tablet=“150px|30px|150px|30px|true|true“ custom_padding_phone=“20px|20px|20px|20px|true|true“ custom_padding_last_edited=“on|tablet“ border_width_top=“1px“ border_color_top=“#F6D2A0″][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/reflect-ba.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/reflect-bg-12.png“ alt=“reflect: Herausforderungen der modernen Gesellschaft“ align=“right“ disabled_on=“on|off|off“ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ positioning=“absolute“ position_origin_a=“top_right“ vertical_offset=“-40px“ horizontal_offset=“-40px“ width=“100%“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ text_font=“||on||||||“ text_font_size=“17px“ text_font_size_tablet=““ text_font_size_phone=“16px“ text_font_size_last_edited=“on|phone“]Dr. Osman Kozli\u0107[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=“1_4″ _builder_version=“3.25″ custom_padding=“|||“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_sidebar orientation=“right“ disabled_on=“off|off|off“ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ custom_padding_tablet=““ custom_padding_phone=“||||false|false“ custom_padding_last_edited=“on|phone“][\/et_pb_sidebar][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=“1″ custom_padding_last_edited=“on|phone“ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ custom_padding_tablet=“0px||0px||false|false“ custom_padding_phone=“0px||0px||false|false“ global_module=“1951″ saved_tabs=“all“ locked=“off“ collapsed=“off“][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=“on|phone“ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ width_tablet=““ width_phone=“90%“ width_last_edited=“on|phone“ custom_padding_tablet=““ custom_padding_phone=“||10px||false|false“ border_width_top=“1px“ border_color_top=“rgba(243,199,158,0.45)“][et_pb_column type=“4_4″ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/reflect-ba.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/reflect-bg-12.png“ alt=“reflect: Herausforderungen der modernen Gesellschaft“ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ positioning=“absolute“ vertical_offset=“-68px“ horizontal_offset=“-38px“ width=“100%“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_post_nav in_same_term=“on“ _builder_version=“4.9.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#777777″ custom_padding=“10px||||false|false“ title_font_size_tablet=“17px“ title_font_size_phone=“15px“ title_font_size_last_edited=“on|tablet“ title_line_height_tablet=“1.7em“ title_line_height_phone=““ title_line_height_last_edited=“on|tablet“][\/et_pb_post_nav][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ranije smo konstatirali da \u0161erijat ozna\u010dava pravu stazu ili otvoreni put koji vodi do izvora ili izvori\u0161ta i uto\u010di\u0161ta svega, tj. Uzvi\u0161enog Boga i Njegove blizine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":28686,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kolumnen"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0160ta je nama \u0160erijat? 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